Political Economy of Race, Class and Gender Essay

Political Economy of Race, Class and Gender - Essay Example 14). They aim at explaining the reason behind large numbers of unemployed and underemployed blacks relative to whites and the wage gaps between blacks and whites and between genders. This paper discusses the salient differences between these two models; the neoclassical economics theory and the political economy models of the labor market. It includes a discussion on the importance of the differences in the realm of race and gender while highlighting the critiques of neoclassical presumption by political economists. In neoclassical economics, discrimination is analyzed in simplicity using the same implements used to understand market behavior. Discriminators here are either maximizing their welfare or minimizing any apparent risk (Albelda et al. 36).Under this model, discrimination in the labor market is not a long-term phenomenal. Discrimination in the labor markets takes the form of higher wages for white workers relative to black workers equipped with similar skills and carrying out similar productive jobs under similar working conditions; job segregation of blacks into lesser-paying jobs; and high unemployment rates for blacks relative to whites (Albelda et al. 60). The wide persistence of discrimination is attributed to low competition among firms and workers and incomplete information in the labor market. Employers taste leads to higher costs as it hampers competition among workers. The discriminating firms directly cover these higher costs by paying higher wages for labor power. According to neoclassical economics, this approach of discrimination is efficient in allocation of scarce resources in the labor markets by the discriminating firms (Albelda et al. 65). Neoclassical economic models assume that competition combined with employers’ diversity in tastes eradicates labor market discrimination. A competitive market will increase

HIV AIDS In The South Essay Example for Free

HIV AIDS In The South Essay Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a killer disease caused by the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) which affects one’s immune system making them susceptible to opportunistic diseases that they succumb to. A person is said to be suffering from AIDS when the HIV has compromised their immune system triggering chronic fevers, constant diarrhea, significant unexplained weight losses, night sweats as well as swollen glands and thrush. (Weiss G and Lonnquist L, 2008). HIV is thought to have started spreading as early as the late 70’s though official statistics have it that it was first recognized in 1981 in the US. The origin of the virus remain unclear with some arguing that it originated from the outer space, was artificially created, escaped from a laboratory or it is a natural virus that initially affected apelike creatures before it found its way to humans. (Johnson P, 2007). HIV spread widely to other regions and today it is deemed as a world pandemic with over 40 million people infected globally. Sadly, about 4 to 5 million people are infected with the virus annually while over 25 million people have so far succumbed to it. To date there is no known cure for HIV AIDS though scientific development have led to the usage of antiretroviral which work to prolong the life span of those infected. A unique factor about HIV is the fact that one can stay for as long as a decade without exhibiting any symptom that they are sick, a period in which they can infect others. As a matter of fact some research findings have it that the spread of HIV is more intense in the latent period. (Irwin A, Millen J and Fallows D, 2003). It is difficult to give the exact figures of those infected as many people have not been tested but one approach used by epidemiologists is estimation. Specific groups such as pregnant women, prisoners, people joining the military service and patients in the varied states are tested and CDC uses these estimates to approximate the number of people infected with the virus while putting into account people’s behavioral changes. (Weiss G and Lonnquist L, 2008). Although no biological links have been found to explain why some races are more susceptible to acquiring the virus in the US, blacks and the Hispanics are more affected than the whites. Gay people or homosexuals as well as those abusing drugs through injection are also at a higher risk of acquiring the virus. A research established that roughly, half the infected persons were gay men while over 20% were drug abusers who used infected needles. People engaging in unsafe sexual intercourse with many partners are also at a higher risk of contracting the virus. (Weiss G and Lonnquist L, 2008). A unique factor about HIV AIDS is the fact that unlike other fatal diseases which are airborne and hence contagious it cannot be transmitted through a handshake or sneezing. Again, though some traces of the virus can be found on saliva, tears and sweat it cannot be transferred through these modes. It can also not be passed on through insect bites as the virus only survives in humans. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). HIV is passed on through contact with contaminated body fluids through anal, oral or coital sex, interjectory drug abuse, mother to child during birth as well as through breastfeeding. Precautionary measures during and after birth have been adopted to prevent the mother to child transmission and much progress have been made. This makes the containment of the HIV manageable as people’s behaviors play a vital role in curbing its spread. Weiss G and Lonnquist L, 2008). Susan, Kristin and Kathryn in ‘HIV infection and Aids in the Deep south’ noted that there are many discrepancies in the manner at which HIV AIDS trends are registered in the US. The southern region of the US which comprises of 16 states namely; Virginia, North and South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Washington, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Louisiana and Oklahoma registers higher rates when compared to other states. (Reif S, Geonnotti, Whetten K. 2006). Variances are also evident among the varying states with some recording higher rates than others. Some states record similar trends in as far as HIV and AIDS infections are concerned for instance; North and South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi and Louisiana register similar trends. The term ‘Deep South’ was coined to describe those states that had a history in agriculture especially in cotton as well as slave trade. These states have disproportionately been affected by the HIVAIDS pandemic in the USA. 2000-2003 statistics have it that in this region HIVAIDS infection raised by up to 35. % while the rate in other states in the south were as low as 4% and the national rate with an exception of the southern states stood at 5. 2%. (Reif S, Geonnotti S, Whetten K, 2006). The prevailing conditions in the South can be blamed on various factors such as poor health conditions as can be bore witness by the poor health indicators in the region. Three states in this region recorded the highest death rates, highest rates for diabetes, stroke, sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea and Chlamydia as well as infant mortality rates. The Deep South region which has the highest prevalence rate for HIV infections is largely predominated by African Americans. (Reif S, Geonnotti S, Whetten K. 2006). Other characteristics of the Deep South region include high rates of illiteracy as many do not graduate from colleges. Most people in the Deep South region also have no health insurance which can be explained by the higher rates of poor health indicators. The levels of poverty and unemployment are higher in the Deep South region when compared with the other regions in the US. Higher rates of unemployment mean that the rates of poverty are higher and this is true both at an individual as well as at the family level. Higher rates of HIV infections in the Deep South region were recorded among women as well as African Americans. (Reif S, Geonnotti S, Whetten K. 2006). The higher rates of sexual transmitted diseases in the Deep South are thought to have a relationship or link with the high rates of HIV infections in the region. This is attributed to the fact that medical experts argue that sexually transmitted diseases have a role to play in as far as the facilitating of the virus spread is concerned. Lack of accessibility to quality health care services among these people is also thought to play a significant role in spreading the virus. (Ellerbrock V et al, 2004). Sociological theories argue that man is a social being and does not exist in a vacuum. One’s surrounding predisposes a person to behaving in a certain manner. Values, norms and expectations of the society are passed on from one generation to the next through the various socializing agents such as schools, families, peers and mass media as well as through religion. (Andersen M and Taylor H, 2001). People’s surroundings also play a vital role in determining their behaviors. In poverty stricken areas the effectiveness of schools in passing on values will be compromised triggering bad behavior such as drug abuse and carefree lifestyles. Poverty also leads to ‘innovation’ where people adopt illegal means to attaining the societal values. Prostitution for instance is a clear illustration of a failing society which states is material success objective commonly know as the ‘American Dream’ but fails to offer clear cut means to attaining it especially to the disadvantaged groups. Andersen M and Taylor H, 2001). Poverty triggers higher rates of HIV infection as it denies the poor a chance to access vital health information that would ensure that certain diseases were prevented. Public health education is in most cases done in the health care facilitates and those who cannot access them are cut off. Some may also not understand the mode of communication used due to illiteracy triggered by poverty. Poverty is also associated with desperation and hopelessness which sees people engage in drug and other substance abuse which predisposes them to contracting the virus. People who abuse drugs risk contracting HIV especially when contaminated needles are used. Another risk that makes drugs increase the tendency of one contracting the virus is the fact that they compromise one’s reasoning ability and consequently may see them engage in risky behaviors such as unsafe sexual intercourse with many partners whose status is unknown. (Ellerbrock V et al, 2004). In terms of racial background one can argue that the region is disadvantaged in the sense that it is comprised of more African Americans, a race known for lack of health insurance as well as higher poverty rates. Many African Americans are poor and this places them at a higher risk in as far as contracting HIV is concerned. Discrimination especially in incarceration of African Americans in the Deep South precipitates concurrent sexual practices which in turn paves way for HIV AIDS. (Adimora A and Schoenbach J, 2002). Young African American women as well as others from the disadvantaged communities are at a higher risk of contracting the virus. Poverty could drive them into prostitution where they may not have the chance to negotiate for safer sex. In most cases women have been identified as the weaker sex and consequently they have no say in the male dominated society. Biologically women are at a higher chance of contracting HIV than men as the vagina is more receptive to substances than the male penis. Poverty leads to lack of proper education which is essential if educational programs on health are to be successful Illiterate people also tend to be ignorant and this predisposes them to HIV. Provision of preventive programs is impossible in the poverty stricken regions thus precipitating the high rates of HIV AIDS in the Deep South region. People from the Deep South who have been infected with the virus will develop AIDS quickly due to the inaccessibility of health care services. (Ellerbrock V et al, 2004). HIV AIDS prevalence also varies with geographical regions in terms rural versus urban regions with the former recording higher rates than the later. People in the rural areas encounter more difficulties when trying to access quality health care services as opposed to those in the urban areas. This hinders them accessibility to preventive programs such as the educative or informative programs that would have seen them reduce their chances or acquiring the HIV virus. The rural areas record lower chances of attaining or rather accessing health care professionals and they also have problems accessing treatment making their conditions worse. People in the rural areas are consequently forced to travel to the urban areas to seek medical services and some are too poor that the transportation costs are a burden to them. (Adimora A et al, 2004). The Deep South region is also known to have higher rates of stigmatization with the HIV AIDS, a factor that sees the rates of HIV escalate. The belief that people belong to a specified social status which cannot be changed also plays a role in cementing the spread of HIV, given the fact that poverty has a strong association with HIV prevalence rates. Some people in the Deep South have a strong distrust with their health care systems a factor that also contributes to higher prevalence rates of HIV AIDS as they will not respect the advices offered by their health care providers. Reif S, Geonnotti S, Whetten K, 2006). HIV AIDS in the South has remained higher than in the other states in the US due to many factors. Since the disease is not airborne but is spread through various intimate body contacts, mother to child or through the use of contaminated needles it can be effectively managed if people adopted positive behaviors. Reducing the number of sex partners that one has, war on drugs , and proper accessibility to health care facilities would be of significance in as far as the fight against HIV AIDS is concerned.

Introduction To Linguistics And Conversation Analysis Cover English Language Essay

Introduction To Linguistics And Conversation Analysis Cover English Language Essay One thing which makes us find so few people who appear reasonable and agreeable in conversation is, that there is scarcely any one who does not think more of what he is about to say than of answering precisely what is said to him. Franà §ois de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680) Beginning To master a language is a difficult task for many persons, and to master it in its spoken form even takes more time than learning a new language. Confusions and misunderstandings are commonly observed in conversation. Consider the following example, Fredrick: O Jesus! Suddenly the rain started to pour down! But Suki was so smart that she entered the hall immediately. Kelven: Oh how come she could enter the hall? Did she know the people there? Fredrick: What do you mean Kelven? Wasnt she living in the hall? In the example illustrated, Kelven probably fails to understand what is implicated by Fredricks utterance. Though Fredrick, in this example, has also used a misleading expression in referring to the hall where Suki was residing, a misunderstanding was thus caused. (Schlesinger and Hurvitz, 1969) Misunderstanding can cause a lot of troubles and we have to avoid them. But what are the reasons of causing those misunderstandings? Why in different situations we interpret a speech differently? How can people open and close a conversation well? And the ultimate problem can be, What is conversation and its underneath principles of operations?. The topic of conversation analysis, which is a particular and very important area of discourse analysis, will deal with the problems said. Chapter 8.1 Chapter 8.1A A brief definition of conversation analysis Conversation analysis is a branch of sociology which studies the detailed organization and structure of human conversational interactions in everyday lives; both in verbal and non-verbal sense. (Hutchby and Wooffitt, 2008) In conversation analysis, the structure, orderliness, and sequential patterns in interactions are discussed and studied. (Sidnell, 2010)These sorts of interactions can either be institutional or just in daily, casual conversation. Linguists of conversation analysis are always interested in how we, as language-users, are able to deliver an idea to make others understand about it, and at the same time how we understand the oral language that we hear. (Wang, 2010) It is not only used in linguistics, but it is also a popular concept used in psychology, history, anthropology, etc. (Sidnell, 2010) This subject, like the others, is a progressive development. In the next chapter, the history and changes of conversation analysis throughout the years will be introduced. Chapter 8.1B History and development of conversation analysis The history of conversation analysis can be dated back to late 1960s to early 1970s. The development of it was first inspired by Ethnomethodology, which is a method for understanding how people use social orders to understand the world, by analyzing their descriptions and stories of their daily activities across a long period (Karamjit S. Gill, 1996). Later, sociologist Harvey Sacks with his close associates Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson, define the term in their book Lectures on Conversation, and the study of conversation analysis has soon drawn a great attention from scholars. (Emanuel and Gail, 1972) With over 50 years of development, today it has become a well-known and widely-used research method in social sciences, linguistics, psychology, speech-communication and anthropology. (Carol, 2010) Its influence in interactional sociolinguistics is particular important as it forms a part in both discursive psychology and discourse analysis. (Levinson, 1983) Moreover, in its own right it has also become an important discipline. In recent years, the techniques of conversation analysis have seen being employed in a number of other subjects, like NLP practitioners use the technique to understand the real feeling of a person (Tosey and Mathison 2006); and phoneticians try to use it to explore the fine phonetic detail of speech (Kelly and Local, 1989). After having a brief overview of conversation analysis, the detailed elements of it will be introduced in the next chapter. Chapter 8.1C Assumptions and principles of conversation analysis We do conversations each and every day, with our friends, parents, colleagues and teachers, etc. In making these daily conversational exchanges, people always follow a set of orders or conventions, both consciously and subconsciously. The orders and conventions are different in different occasions. (Sacks, 1992) And, we learn those orders and conventions since they were young and the process of learning is continuous in ones life. Participants in daily conversations have responsibility to produce interpretable messages and to acknowledge the messages received; based on the orders and conventions, to create a successful conversation. George Pasthas (1995) in his book raises the following assumptions and principles of conversation analysis; Order is produced by orderliness. Order is situated and occasioned. Order is oriented by the parties involved in a conversation only. The analyst holds no conceptions in it. Order is repeatable and recurrent. The discovery, description and analysis of that produced orderliness are the tasks of the analyst. Frequencies and varieties of particular phenomena occur are to be set aside in studying the ways in which order is produced. Structures of social actions, once discerned, shall be able to be described and analyzed in formal forms. These principles and assumptions are widely accepted (George, 1995) and conversation analysts nowadays still have their analysis done in this way. In the following chapter, the detailed methodology of how a conversation analysis is conducted will be introduced. Chapter 8.1D Methodology of conversation analysis Similar to other researches, a research on conversation analysis is initiated by setting up a research problem. In normal circumstances, video or audio recorded conversations are used as raw data for conversation analysis. To ensure that data collected is not artificial, often it is simply collected by adding a video camera to the room where the conversation takes place (e.g. medical doctors consultation with a patient), without involvements of researchers. (Have, 2007) At the same time, the researchers make a detailed transcription, assuming that no details of the conversation have been omitted. The researchers, after the transcription, will then have an inductive data-driven analysis aiming to find recurring patterns of interaction. Based on the result of the analysis, a rule or model to explain the occurrence of the patterns is then developed. Conversation in discourse is mutually constructed and negotiated in time between speakers, which is unplanned and informal. (Cook, 1989) Ending Chapter 8.7 Conclusion In short, conversation analysis deals with our daily verbal exchanges, which are vital in daily lives of each and every one of us. Interpreting daily conversations, we now understand, is a highly complex and complicated process. It has long been believed that the meaning has been there already in a piece of oral language. But after studying this chapter, we find that the said definition is far too simplistic. We think that we do not plan before having a conversation with the others. But we apply different strategies indeed but they are seldom noticed. A speaker has to plan well before delivering a speech; and a hearer also has to work quite hard in order to process a piece of conversation indeed. Even the simplest conversation involves many complex decisions. We cover a few key aspects of conversation analysis, which includes turn-taking, overlapping, repairs, silences, sequence and transcription. We also try to analyze a conversation by following a set of transcription conversations. The question stated at the beginning, What is conversation? And what is its underneath principles?, has been answered by conversation analysis. Through studying it, we learn how to communicate with others well, and most importantly, how to use the principles to live well on this Earth.

Who are the Real Parents? Essay -- science

Who are the Real Parents? Are parents those who give birth to a child or those who care for a child? Does nature or nurture make a woman a mother? As more and more heartbreaking tugs-of-war between biological and adoptive parents surface, anyone searching for a baby has good reason for concern (Casey 119). Baby Jessica was raised from infancy by adoptive parents, Jan and Roberta DeBoer. For two and a half years Jessica was at the heart of one of the most bitter custody battles in America, caught between the parents in Michigan who reared her and the parents in Iowa who gave birth to her and wanted her back (Ingrassia and Springen 60). Cara and Dan Schmidt took screaming baby Jessica from her home in 1993 when they won their court battle to get her back (Casey 119). Baby Jessica is just one of the many victims of child custody battles in America. Jane and John Doe adopted a baby boy, Richard in March of 1991. Richard’s biological mother, Daniela Kirchner, gave up her son while her boyfriend, Otakar, was out of the country visiting his family. He had left Daniela just two weeks before Richard’s birth. Daniela had heard rumors that Otakar had been cheating on her with another woman, in Czechoslovakia, so she decided to lie to him about their baby, Richard. She told Otakar that Richard had died just four days after his birth. In May of 1991 Otakar returned to Chicago and the couple reconciled. Daniela told him about the adoption of their son and how she lied to him about his death. Eighty days after Richard’s birth, Otakar challenged the adoption. He claimed that he had no knowledge of his son until his return to the US and now he wanted his son back desperately (Ingrassia and McCormick 44). The Does met in seventh grade in a suburban Chicago school but didn’t start dating until they were in their early twenties. Married in 1979, Jane, a paralegal, and John and a son. They say that they had not sought to adopt another child but were â€Å"bowled over† by that first call about Richard. Never did they expect that legal briefs and litigation would dominate their lives for the next three years (Alexander 40). After three and a half years of court battle, baby Richard was torn away from his adoptive parents where he had lived since he was four days old and returned to his biological father, who had never seen him before (Terry A1). W... ...sey, Kathryn. â€Å"The Case of Baby Lenore 25 Years Later.† Ladies Home Journal. August 1995: 116-9. Diamant, Anita. â€Å"Is It Safe to Adopt A Child?† McCalls (Jan 1994): 96-99. Rpt. in Family. Vol. 5. Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Boca Raton, FL: S.I.R.S., Inc., 1994. Art. 22. Hegger, Susan. â€Å"The Trials of Childhood.† St. Louis Post-Dispatch. (Aug 1993): 1B. Rpt. in Family. Vol. 5. Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Boca Raton, FL: S.I.R.S., Inc., 1993. Art. 17. Ingrassia, Michelle and John McCormick. â€Å"Ordered to Surrender† Newsweek. (Feb 1995):44-45. Rpt. in Family. Vol. 5. Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Boca Raton, FL: S.I.R.S., Inc., 1995. Art. 41. Ingrassia, Michelle and Karen Springen. â€Å"She’s Not Baby Jessica Anymore.† Newsweek. 21 March 1994: 60-3. McCarty, Kevin. â€Å"Adoption Exchange Association: Statement on the Uniform Adoption Act.† [http://www.webcom.com/kmc/adoption/law/uaa/aca.html]. January 1997. Terry, Don. â€Å"Storm Rages in Chicago Over Revoked Adoption.† New York Times. 15 July 1994: A1:A12. Yack, Wendy and Susan Littwin. â€Å"They Took Away My Baby.† McCalls. (Jan 1994): 96-99. Rpt. in Family. Vol. 5. Ed. Eleanor Goldstein. Boca Raton, FL: S.I.R.S., Inc., 1994. Art. 22.

Writing and Proper Supporting Points

I have always used writing as method to express myself. I wrote for self-pleasure instead of Just to complete an assignment. I knew that writing and being able to express myself would help me to further my education. Before my first day of Composition one, I imagined having a lot of papers to writing in such little time. However, it turned out to be a great experience. Composition one taught me how to improve my writing, expose me to different types of essays and how to overcome difficult tasks. Composition one allowed me to recognize the strengths and weakness in my writing skills.Three of my strongest essays assigned this semester are what you will be viewing in my portfolio. These weren't easy, but having the proper guidance is what made the difference. The workload did get hectic at times, because I found myself trying to transition from one genre to another. For me, the idea of outlining a proper thesis really helped me to write well. I would experiment to see if the quality of my essay would be better if I Just wrote about the topic. I realized that if I properly outlined my thesis, it would give me a path on which I could build my essay.I would use the number of supporting points that I had, to be the amount of paragraphs I would have. By doing this, the structure of my essay would be better. If it wasn't for my Professor focusing on getting the thesis correct. The task of writing and essay would be an extremely difficult one. At times, I felt as if I should Just write without paying attention to the thesis but Just as most things, I got used to outlining it. The first essay we were assigned was a literacy narrative. This was a personal essay for me to complete.The literacy narrative allowed me to recollect situations rom my past and put them on paper. IVe always done this, but I didn't know that things such as a thesis and proper supporting points would make for a better essay. I learned that the key to a great literacy narrative is to show instead of t o tell. The use of details is important in a literacy narrative as it gives the reader the feeling of actually being in the situation. My second essay was an evaluation. It required me to be very critical of a certain webpage. Usually when I visit webpages I Just go there to use what suites me.My mind wasn't open to the site layout, how it differs from other ebsite or what could make it better. By doing this essay, I am now more in tuned to the smallest details in forms of writing that I would happen to come across. I am a soccer fan; I enjoy watching, playing or even talking about the game. IVe always wanted to pass on the passion for the game to others. My third essay was a proposal. This essay allowed me to put my dreams into perspective . 1 was able to help a group of coaches learn more about the sport. With that knowledge, they would be able to pass it down to the children.The passion I have for soccer made the proposal the asiest essay IVe done since the semester began. This e ssay didn't have as much restrictions and rules to it, so it allowed me to interact with my work. I used life situations to bring forth my point. I enjoyed intertwining life with a thing so simple as writing. Of course, by writing over and over, one will get better at it. That wasn't the only way I gained strength and confidence in my writing abilities. Having great feedback from you're pairs is very important. We are all humans and the opinions of others affect us in either a good or bad way.I received feedback from my peers, the utors trom the writing center and my protessor. Those different perspectives on my work brought to my attention the things I need to work on. Composition one was definitely not the tedious class that I thought it would be. I didn't think I was going to be groomed to be a better writer. The different exercises that we were exposed to made the class very interesting. It was as if by writing a new essay, a new part of the brain was being activated. I enjoyed exploring certain thing than the other but the different skills that were being tuned made it worth it.

Renassiance art essays

Renassiance art essays During the Renaissance, artist were no longer regarded as mere artisans, as they has been in the medieval past, but for the first time emerged as independent personalities, comparable poets and writers. They began to express their ideas even though the art still remained religious in nature but add their own individual style and emotions. However art also went through many drastic changes and was influenced by many great arts like Giotto, Leonardo Da Vinci, and Masaccio. Giotto was one of many artists who expressed his ideas in Italian art. He used three-dimensional images, which was a drastic change from classical art where depth was not used. At he was one of the first artist who painted something from his opinion. However, Giotto expressed his opinion and thoughts so greatly that he inspired even the great Michaelango. This great artist was ahead of his time and was able to paint ideas that were very popular in the time. Giotto expressed the ideas by giving depth to his to the artwork and the illusion of movement. Even thought, not much of his work is left it is obvious that he expressed the Renaissance ideas in his art work in many ways and contributed in helping express the ideas of the times. Another great artist who expressed his ideas in artwork was Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519). Leonardo Da Vinci is considered the Renaissance Man since he was skilled in many different things such as being a painter, writer, engineer, scientist and other things. However, Leonardo Da Vinci is know mostly for his great art work such as the paintings of Mona Lisa and Moses which show pure beauty. Leonardo expressed new ideas in his artwork by using new techniques and exploring new ways to looking at certain things. Leonardo was a great artist who influenced the artwork of future artists. He was a great artist that showed people that new things were possible and they should not be scared to try new things. Leonardo Da Vinci w...